That sounds like a terrible situation. I realized shortly after starting my apprenticeship how important it is to develop a relationship with your teacher. You spend a LOT of time together. You also need to respect your teacher. It sounds like you have neither of those. I know some old school tattooers will really test your resolve by taking things slow, but your situation sounds a bit extreme. Did you pay into your apprenticeship? If so, you should be honest. I mean, you are putting your future into his hands, so if you can't be honest with each other, how can you trust him with an honest critique of your work or ask for help when you need it?
Actually, to be perfectly honest, in writing all of this, I just realized that you need to find a new place to learn. Holding an apprentice back from tattoo techniques is understandable, but not teaching proper sterilization, aseptic technique, cross contamination, etc. is downright irresponsible. You are putting yourself, your teacher and your clients at risk. If he doesn't care that you know safety, that's a red flag. You sound dedicated and loyal, which are marketable traits for an apprentice. Reach out to other artists and shop owners for an opportunity. BE RESPECTFUL. The tattoo industry is extremely small and talking bad about your old teacher will get around. Good luck.